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SecondOrder Predation and Pleistocene Extinctions By ~ of the inputs model behavior consistent with SecondOrderPredation carnivore killing generates herbivore overpopulation then habitat destruction and ultimately differential extinction of herbivores

The SecondOrder Predation Hypothesis of Pleistocene ~ The SecondOrder Predation Hypothesis of Pleistocene Extinctions A System Dynamics Model by Dr Elin WhitneySmith offers a fresh look at the Pleistocene extinctions from a system dynamics and ecological modeling approach

Pleistocene extinctions The Full Wiki ~ 92 Secondorder predation The Pleistocene or Ice Age extinction event The Ice Age extinction event saw the extinction of many mammals weighing more than 40 kg In North America around 33 of 45 genera of large mammals became extinct in South America 46 of 58 in Australia 15 of 16 in Europe 7 of 23 but in Subsaharan Africa only 2 of 44

Quaternary extinction event explained ~ The secondorder predation hypothesis is supported by the observation above that there was a massive increase in bison populations Secondorder predation and other theories Climate Change SecondOrder Predation accounts for the changes in vegetation which in turn may account for the increase in continentality Since the extinction is due to destruction of habitat it accounts for the loss of animals not hunted by humans

1 Clovis and Extinctions – Overkill Second Order ~ The Pleistocene Extinction Model WhitneySmith 1991 2004 has been expanded to test this combination The Pleistocene Extinction Model PEM was originally developed to test the Second Order Predation Hypothesis humans reduced carnivore populations leading to herbivore boom then bust against Overkill

Human predation contributed to the extinction of the ~ We hypothesize that human predation on Genyornis eggs likely contributed to the birds extinction with the harvesting of their eggs decreasing Genyornis reproductive success Predation combined with widespread changes in ecosystem composition throughout its range 30 very likely caused Genyornis extinction by ∼47 ka

MAMMALIAN EXTINCTIONS IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTHERN ~ From the evidence reviewed here human predation at times of major climatic environmental change is suggested as the most probable cause of late Pleistocene extinctions In northern Eurasia overkill became possible only when largemammal distributions and thus populations were already severely reduced by such changes

Theory Building with System Dynamics Ice Age Extinctions ~ Second order predation H sapiens reducing predator populations has been shown to be more consistent with extinctions in an equilibrium system The proximate cause of the extinctions is environmental exhaustion from destabilizing predator control of herbivore populations

Quaternary extinction event Wikipedia ~ Overkill The observation that extinctions follow the arrival of humans is consistent with the SecondOrder Predation hypothesis Arguments against the secondorder predation hypothesis The model specifically assumes high extinction rates in grasslands but most extinct species ranged across numerous vegetation zones Historical population densities of ungulates were very high in the Great Plains savanna environments support high ungulate diversity throughout Africa and extinction

Megafauna and ecosystem function from the Pleistocene to ~ Large herbivores and carnivores the megafauna have been in a state of decline and extinction since the Late Pleistocene both on land and more recently in the oceans Much has been written on the timing and causes of these declines but only recently has scientific attention focused on the consequences of these declines for ecosystem function